SS-31 (Elamipretide)
A mitochondria-targeting tetrapeptide that stabilizes cardiolipin in the inner mitochondrial membrane, restoring ATP production and reducing oxidative stress.
SS-31 (elamipretide) is a synthetic tetrapeptide (D-Arg-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH2) that selectively concentrates in mitochondria over 1000-fold due to its affinity for the phospholipid cardiolipin. It is currently in clinical trials for Barth syndrome, heart failure, and age-related mitochondrial dysfunction. Preclinical studies demonstrate reversal of age-related cardiac dysfunction and restoration of exercise tolerance in aged mice within weeks of treatment.
⚙️ Mechanism of Action
SS-31 selectively binds cardiolipin in the inner mitochondrial membrane through electrostatic attraction between its two positively charged amino acids and cardiolipin's negative charges. This stabilizes cristae structure, optimizes electron transport chain efficiency, and reduces electron leak that generates reactive oxygen species. By restoring mitochondrial membrane integrity, it enhances ATP production, reduces oxidative stress, and improves the function of cardiolipin-dependent respiratory complexes.
✅ Benefits
- •Restores mitochondrial ATP production
- •Reduces mitochondrial oxidative stress at the source
- •Reverses age-related cardiac dysfunction in animal models
- •Improves exercise tolerance
- •Protects against ischemia-reperfusion injury
- •Currently in human clinical trials with promising data
⚠️ Risks & Considerations
- •Injection site reactions
- •Headache
- •Nausea (mild, transient)
- •Limited long-term human safety data
📚 References
Latest Videos
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